Adverbs

Optional modifiers, both at the level of the verb phrase and at the level of the sentence. These are traditionally called adverbs; this gives us additional information about e.g. the time, place, or manner of the action which is described in the rest of the sentence

There are different types of adverbial functions are distinguished

Adjunct adverbials:

How? (manner)

When? (Time)

Where? (Place)

Why? (Reason)

How often? (Frequency)

How long? (Duration)

Disjunct adverbial

These are known as sentence adverbs. They denote the speakers attitude toward or judgment of the proposition, expressing for example, the speaker´s degree of truthfulness or his manner of speaking. As in the case of adjunct adverbials, AdvPs or PPs may serve as disjunct adverbials

Advp: Seriously, truthfully, frankly, certainly, hopefully, sadly, personally, literally, oddly, clearly

PP: in all frankness, to my surprise, in broad terms, to my regret, of course, on paper

Conjunct adverbial

They express textual relations, serving to link clauses; they have no function in their own clause. They may be AdvPs or PPs

AdvPs:Moreover, However, nonetheless, furthermore, next, consequently, therefore, indeed, besides, hence

PP: in addition, in conclusion, on the contrary, in other words, for example, as a result, in the second place.

Teaching solutions:

Treat to know each student's needs and preferences first, and do your best to motivate the student by giving him/her challenging activities that he/she is capable of doing. We should be able to determine the appropriate level of difficulty that a particular student can handle.

Be creative when presenting lessons. Make that students perform grammar activities, phrases in the that can identify different adverbs and this is fun for them.

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